Between March 1, 2021, and June 30, 2024, they analyzed 73 million comments from 199 parliamentary politicians and party pages, 467 media Facebook pages, and 1,500 public Facebook groups.
Three key findings from the analysis are:
- Women are more exposed to hate than men. Gender-based hate is distributed 73% against women and 27% against men.
- Ethnicity and nationality are the most common targets of hateful comments.
- A small, hardcore group is responsible for a disproportionate share of attacks. In fact, just 0.2% of users account for 30% of all attacks.
The report follows up on the 2021 study, which mapped out attacks and hate in comment sections from 2019 to 2021.